Communication system employing pulse code modulation



Nov. 28, 1950 W. M. GOODALL CQMMUNICATION SYSTEM EMPLOYING PULSE CODE MODULATION Filed March 15, 1947 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 ATTORNEY w. M. GOODALL 2,531,846

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EMPLOYINC PULSE CODE MOOULATION l 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 /NVENTOR W M GOUDA/.L

NR. QR.

Filed March 1 3, 194'? I Nov. 28, 1950 Nov. 28, 1950 A v w. M. GooDALL 2,531,846 comUNIcAfrIoN SYSTEM EMPLOYING PULSE CODE MoDuLA'rIoN Filed March 15, 1947 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 /NVENTOR W M GOODALL B247 @ze A T TURA/EY Nov. 28, 1950 w. M. GooDALL 2,531,846

comauNIcA'rIoN SYSTEM EMPLOYING PULSE com MoDuLA'rIoN Filed March 13, 1947 sheets-sheet e BIZ 87, 8/0

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/Z/w fr@ A 7' TORNE Y am 871'); I sa! V872y 873 INI/EN TOR l K j C By Hf. M. GOOD/ILL Patented Nov. 28, 1950 COMIWUNICATION SYSTEM EMPLOYING PULSE CODE MODULA'IION William M. Goodall, Oakhurst, N. J., assignor to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York yApplication March 13, 1947, Serial No. 734,372

7 Claims.

This invention relates to communication systems, and more particularly to pulse type communication systems in which the information is conveyed by code groups of pulses. In a specific embodiment of the invention code groups of pulses are employed to convey information relative to the instantaneous amplitude of ay speech. telegraph, or other complex wave. The code combinations are sent in rapid succession, thus indicating the instantaneous amplitude of the complex Wave at successive instants of time.

In the systems of the prior art the pulse code groups are transmitted over ultra-high frequency or microwave transmission paths and systems. the pulse code group comprises pulses of current or no-current. In other words, a high frequency oscillator is turned on and 01T to form the pulses of each of the pulse code groups. As a result, the amount of time the oscillator is turned on varies from code group to code group, with the result that the carrier frequency may shift appreciably which frequently causes trouble.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved coding arrangement and method for coding code groups of pulses so that substantially the same duty cycle is maintained on the high frequency oscillator for all of the dilerent code groups of pulses. In order to securethis result, the same number of pulses is transmitted for each code group. However, each of the pulses of each of the code groups may occupy any one of tWo discrete portions of the time interval assigned to the respective pulse. If the pulse occupies one position, it will be equivalent to a current pulse in the previous systems andrepresent a marking condition, While if the pulse occupies another position in the time interval it will be equivalent to a no-current pulse in the previous systems and represent a spacing condition.

Ihe coding method and arrangement in accordance with this invention may be employed to control transmission of a frequency modulation transmission system including such a system operatingin the ultra-high frequency or microwave frequency regions. f

From a slightly different viewpoint the resulting pulses transmitted may be thought ofas comprising two separate code groups one the compliment or converse of the other and both occupying the same code group interval. That is, only one pulse is present in any pulse interval for the combined two code groups.

:Due to the fact that the energy of each code fgroup of on and oli pulses bears some relationship to the instantaneous amplitude of the speech or other complex Wave at the recurring instants of time, it is possible at least on occasion to understand the speech being transmitted from the pulse code groups without decoding.

In accordance with the present invention, there exists no energy relationship between the energy of the code groups of pulses and the amplitude of the speech wave at the instants of time in question. As a result, since substantially the same amount of energy is conveyed in each of the code groups transmitted, the arrangement in accordance with this invention provides a more private means of communication, in which the chances that unauthorized persons Wh'o may intercept the communications will be able to understand any of them is greatly reduced. Further, the transmission of substantially the same energy during each code group, in addition to improving the operation of the associated microwave oscillator, tends to reduce distortion of the pulses due to the time constants of the transmission paths, coupling networks, etc. through which the pulses are transmitted because the average power, potential or current, as applied to the tubes and circuits is substantially the same for all code groups.

A further object of this invention is to provide an improved and simplied decoding arrangement which reconstructs the complex wave at the receiving station in response to the pulse code groups of the type described above.

Still another object of this invention relates to an improved coding arrangement for deriving a permutation code representingthe magnitude of each sample and thus the amplitude of the complex wave at the sampling instants of time.

Briey, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the presentJ invention, equipment is provided for sampling an incoming complex Wave at rapidly recurring instants of time, as for example, at a rate of 8,000 times a second and storing a charge on a condenser the magnitude of which is a function of the incoming complex wave.

Means are also provided for generating a step wave form, each step of which is exponentially related to the adjacent steps. One such wave form is generated for each of the samples of the complex wave. The complex wave form is then added to the charge stored upon the sampling condenser and when the sum of these two quantities exceeds a predetermined amount there is generated a current or on pulse. So long as the sum of the exponential wave form and the .3 magnitude of the sample does not exceed a predetermined quantity, no current pulse is generated which condition is termed an off pulse.

' When the combined sum of the charge on the sampling condenser and the exponential wave form exceeds the predetermined reference value, the pulse for current generated is employed to decrease the charge on `the storing .condenser -by an amount equal to the amount of charge or instantaneous amplitude of the complex wave represented by the generated pulse. Thereafter, `the remaining charge on the condenser 'is added to the exponential Wave form and the above process repeated.

Thus, it is apparent that a binary permutation code group of pulses is generated representing the magnitude of the sample derived from the incoming speech or other complex Wave. This group comprising pulses each 4of either yone or the other of two different characteristics is generated for each of the samples obtained. The number `of .code elements .or pulses for each sample is fiixed in the same for all of the samples, but the character of each of the pulses yvaries under the control of the .amplitude of the sample :in the manner described above. Itis apparent that each of -the pulses of any code group representixng a given sample represents a fixed portion of thetotal possible amplitude of the sample. Thus, .the first pulse represents half the total possible magnitude of the sample. If the sample exceeds 1one .natif Vof the total possible magnitude, a pulse of one .character such as a current pulse, as 4described above, is generated .to convey this information. If the 4sample does not exceed the halfeamplitude, a spacing pulse, represented in the first linstance by the absence of current, vduring the first pulse interval is employed to repre sen-t ith-is condition. When a current pulse is generated in response to a sample exceeding half the to'tal Vpossible magnitude, the charge on the condenser yis reduced by an `amount equal to half the total possible magnitude of the charge which can be stored :upon the condenser. Thereafter the process is repeated for each of the succeeding pulses of the code group -and then the entire process is repeated for the succeeding sampleand al succeeding code group of pulses 'is generated as representing the magnitude of the succeeding sample.

In the `output of the coder as described above,

the two signaling vconditions required of the binary code which may be termed marking `and spacing are represented 4by onor olf pulses, that is, 'the presence or absence of `current pulses iny the respective code element intervals. The next process `in the system of the invention is to translate each Aof Vthese code groups into a -code group in which a current pulse is present -in each code element interval. In 'this new code group, the marking `rand spacing 'conditions are represented by Ithe time yor position i-n each code element interval at which the pulse occurs. Such a lcode may vbe Vtermed a time modulated -code as com-'- pared to the amplitude modulated or keyed code of 'on-off pulses. In converting from the latter code to Ithe ltime modulated code, an on pulse ofthe keycode will appear as a pulse Ain one position or time interval of the new codes and an off pulse, as a pulse in a different position -or time. In the illustrative embodiment described herein, yan on or current pulse of the rst type of code is represented in the time lmodulated code fas pulse in-a later portion oi' 'the code `element interval, and an l-oif or no current lflow -is ment and the `manner in which they cooperate4 represented by a pulse occurring in an earlier portion of the code element interval. Thus, in converting from the first to the second code, the on pulses are simply delayed by the desired fraction of the code element interval to produce marking pulses in the time modulated code. The

spacing Apulses are produced =by generating a series of pulses concurring -i-n each fcode element interval at the same time as the pulses of the cro-off code and supplying them toa comparator or gating circuit to which the pulses of the onoff ycode are Valso supplied. The presence of an on pulse will prevent the transmission of a pulse off this series, while Ain the absence of a pulse, that s,-an-off pulse condition, a pulse of the series will lbe transmitted. Obviously, the time modulated 1code not ,limited to this particular arrangement andV marking and spacing conditions may be represented by pulses in the rst and second portion of the V.interval respectively, if desired.

The pulses .in the second code group are then applied to 'the iradio orV other ihigh frequency transmission path. for transmission to a :distant station. .Inasmuch .as 'the same number of ic-urrent ipulses are transmitted for each code group.

and thus for 4.each small period of time, a .substantially lconstant duty Vcycle Vis imposed upon the high 'frequency oscillator tube so thatthe frequency of :the tube will be substantially conf stant and thus permitting of more accurate reception than in the .case in whichthe i'lrst cede group of pulses is applied to the radio transmitting system.

The foregoing and other objects and featuresv of this invention, the novel features of Which-are specifically pointed .out in the `claims appended hereto, may be more Areadily understood 'by reference to the following 4description yof an exemplary lembodiment thereof when read with reference to 'the attached draw-ings, in which:

Fig. l shows in'fblockiorm the various elements of applicants improved transmitting arrangeone with another; r f2 shows a corresponding block ldiagramc the elements Yof the receiving equipment i-n the manner in which they :cooper-ate to -decodetl're received pulses-and reconstruct from la'wave having `substantially the same wave form as Vthe complex 'wave applied to the system at the transmitting station.

Figs. '3 through 6, inclusive, when arranged 4as shown in Fig. `7 Vsnow the circuit details of an exemplary embodiment Yof the .presentinvention Figs. 3, 4 and T5 show iii-detail the 'transmitting circuits fand equipment.

EEig. 6 shows the circuits and Iequipment -a-t Ythe receiving station which fcooperatefwith Athe i equipment at the transmitting station and reconstruct the complex `wave from the pulses transmitted from the :transmitting station;

Fig. "7 shows the manner in which the 'other figures are positioned adjacent one another; .and

Figs S and 9 show Athe wave form .of the currents of voltages at various places iin the system in order that the :mode of opera-tion may be .more

readily understood.

Themicrophone Ml of Fig.' 1 representsia'source of signals to'be transmitted. `The microphone la@ 1is intended to representa sourcepf yany .complex wave including a source 'of telegraph signails, picture signals, 'vibration signals, fas Well as va source of speech and music signals.

General description The output of the source ID is connected through terminal equipment I I to the pulse. modulator I5. 'I'he terminal equipment II includes any and all suitable types of transmission interconnecting and switching equipment necessary or desirable to extend a communication path from source II to modulator I6. The terminal equipment II may include communication transmission circuits including cable conductors, open wire lines, channels of low or voice frequency carrier current, channels of high frequency carrier current, radio channels, toll line circuits, etc. The terminal equipment II may also include manual switching equipment as Well as machine or dial switching equipment. This equipment may include suitable amplifiers, amplitude and phase control equipment and regulators such as gain regulators, etc. The terminal equipment II may include any combinations of the above types of equipment. In addition, the terminal equipment Il will usually include a lter, limiting the frequency range of the components of the complex wave applied to the modulator equipment I6. In addition, the terminal equipment I I may include other types of transmission apparatus such as volume-expanding or volume-compressing apparatus and other volume regulating apparatus.

In addition, synchronizing and common equipment, such as generator I2, is employed for generating synchronizing pulses. This equipment may be similar to a synchronous pulse-generating equipment disclosed in my copending application, Serial No. 554,495, filed September 16, 1944, Patent 2,449,467 of September 14, 1948, the disclosure of which is hereby made a part of the present application as if fully included herein. The output from the synchronous pulse generator is applied to monitoring equipment and also to delay apparatus I3 which causes the pulse to be delayed a small fraction of a pulse interval, as Will be described hereinafter. The delayed synchronizing pulses are employed to control the timing pulse generator I4, the exponential step generator I5, comparator 2|, and the pulse modulator I6.

Under control of the delayed synchronizingA pulse, the pulse modulator Iiiv causes an incoming complex Wave to be sampled and a charge stored on a condenser which is a function of the magnitude of the instantaneous amplitude of the complex wave at the time of the delayed synchronizing pulse.

The exponential step generator I5 is employed to generate the exponential step wave form, that is, a step wave form in which the steps are exponentially related one with another. Specifically, wave generator I5 generates/an exponential wave for each of the synchronizing pulses applied to it from the delay device or network I3.

The output of the delay device I3 is also applied to a timing pulse generator I4 which generates a plurality of short pulses for each delayed synchronizing pulse applied to it. The number of timing pulses generated by the timing pulse generator I4 in response to each synchronizing pulse is determined by the number of pulse intervals assigned to each code combination. The timing pulse generator generates a pulse for each pulse interval of each code combination of pulses.

The output of the timing pulse generator I4 is employed to control the exponential step generator `so that this generator will generate a step for each of the timing pulses applied to it and thus CII generate a step for each of the pulse intervals of the transmitted signals. Mixer II is employed to add together the voltage across the storage condenser and the output of the exponential step generator I5 and to measure the resultant sum voltage. When the combined exponential Wave form and voltage across the sampling condenser exceeds a predetermined reference value, an output pulse is produced in the mixer and applied to the amplitude gate I8. The output of the gate I8 is transmitted through a diierentiating amplifier I9 to a second delay device or delay line 20 which delays the pulse about half a pulse interval. The delayed output pulse from the delay device 2U is then transmitted back to the mixer Il, Where it causes the charge on the storage condenser to be reduced by the amount represented by the generated pulse, as described above.

The output of the delay device 2E is also applied to monitoring device 25, which reconstructs the complex Wave and transmits it to a corresponding monitoring receiver 2B, so that the attendants may keep informed relative to the operation and adjustment of this system. The output of the differentiating amplifier I9 comprises code groups of permutatively coded pulses each of either of two dilierent signaling conditions or types, one type of which is the spacing pulse and the other the marking pulse. In the exemplary embodiment described herein the marking pulses from the differentiating ampliiier I9 comprise pulses of current of fixed magnitude and duration. The spacing pulses are no-current pulses.

These pulses are transmitted to a comparator 2l, which also receives pulses from the timing pulse generator I4. The comparator is so arranged that if a pulse of current is obtained from the differentiating amplifier at the same time that a timing pulse is obtained from the timing pulse generator I4, these pulses are canceled so that a current pulse will not be transmitted through the mixer 22 to the radio system 23. Under these circumstances, the delayed pulse from the delay device 20 will be transmitted through the mixer and output amplifier 22 to the radio system 23 and then from the antenna 24 to the distant station. If, on the other hand, a pulse is'received from the timing pulse generator and a pulse of no-current is received from the diierentiating amplifier I9, the pulse from the timing pulse generator is transmitted through the mixing and output amplifier 22 and over the radio system 23 and antenna 24. Under these circumstances, no pulse will be transmitted through the delay device 2U.

It is thus quite apparent that the spacing condition, i. e. an oi pulse from amplifier I9 is translated into and represented by a pulse from the timing pulse generator, while a marking condition, i. e. an on pulse from amplifier I9 is represented by a pulse delayed substantially half a pulse interval. Thus, the first series of permutatively-coded pulses of current and no-current are translated into pulses which are all substantially the same type, as far as concerns magnitude and duration but which have different times of transmission within the time interval assigned to the respective pulses of each code group.

The radio signals transmitted from antenna 24 are received by antenna 50 and conveyed to the radio receiver 5I. Radio receiver 5I changes pulses or spurts of radio frequency into lower frequency pulses sometimes called video pulses.

In other words, it changes the radio pulses tu lhaving produced in them an exponentially decaying or damped oscillatory Wave. The decrement o1' the circuit is made relatively low so that the oscillating current will continue to flow in inductance 3I2 and condenser 3II for a number of cycles. The period or time duration of each cycle is controlled by adjusting the constants of condenser 3l I and inductance 312 to he substantially equal to the time interval assigned toeach of the pulses of a code group. i

Theupper terminal of condenser 3i I is coupled through the coupling condenser SIS to the control grid. of tube 3I4. Tubes 3H! and SI5 cornprise a pair of tubes employed as limiting or clipping tubes which serve to produce a square wave in the output circuit of tube 3I5 in response to the damped oscillating wave generated in the resonant circuit comprising condenser SII and inductance 3 I 2.

Tubes 3M and 3I5 may, for example, have biases applied to them such that, without the application of any potential through condenser 3I3 to the control grid of 3M, both of these tubes conduct substantially the same amount of current. `As a result their cathodes will be at an appreciable positive potential, due to current .flowing through the common cathode resistor 3| 6. Upon the application of a positive half cycle to the control grid of tube 3I4, this tube will conduct more current which Ycauses the potential across the cathode resistor to rise and .in turn causes tube 3I5 to conduct less current. As a result, the potential of the control grid of tube 3I4 does not have to rise far before tube 3I5 is cut oi allowing its plate to rise to the maximum positive potential. Thereafter, an increase of the potential of the control grid of tube 3I4 will produce no further increase in the potential of the anode of tube 3I5. At the end of the positive half cycle of the oscillating current from circuit 3II-3`I2, the control grid of tube 3M will again be made negative becoming more negative than its bias potential as oscillations go into the negative half cycle. This change causes tube 3I4 to conduct less than normal current and thus to decrease the potential drop across resistor 3I5. This decrease in potential across resistor 3IE causes an increase in the current in tube 3I5 compensating for the tendency of the potential across the resistor SIB to decrease and consequently limiting the self-regulatory action of tube 3I4. As a result only a small negative voltage on the grid of tube 3M will cut-off that tube and cause the anode of tube 3I5 to reach its maximum negative value. Any larger negative voltage on the grid of tube 3I4 will not eiect the output voltage of tube 3I5.

v Thus it is apparent that both top and bottom portions of the damped oscillating potential generated in the resonant circuit comprising condenser3l I and inductance 3I2 are not repeated. Instead a substantially square wave is generated in the output circuit of tube 3l5.

It should also be noted that the output resistor of tube 3M is connected in its cathode circuit so that so far'as tube 3I4 is concerned it operates substantially like a cathode follower circuit and, consequently, has a relatively high input or grid impedance so that the operation of this tube does not interfere with or materially alter the damped oscillations in the oscillatory circuit com- 'prising condenser 3H and inductance 3I2.

' 1 The output of tube SI5 is coupled through a pair'ofpulse-shaping tubes 3I8 and 322 which serve, in enect, to take the derivative of the 10 square wave and suppress the negative portions thereof and at the same time produce the desirable wave shape for the positive portion of the derived wave. In other words, they produce a very short positive pulse each time the square `wayevflowing in the output circuit of tube 3I5 changes from a lower to a higher positive value. The time constants of condenser 3!'I and resistance 3Il which couple the output of tube 315 to the control element of tube 3I8 are such that the square wave generated in the output circuit of tube 3I5 is effectively differentiated. The bias oftube 3I8 is such that the negative portion of this diierentiated square wave is suppressed 4while the positive portion is repeated. The succeeding coupling networks comprising condenser 320 and resistance 32| as well as condenser 323 and resistor 324 may be similarly designed to further shortening the pulses or improve their wave form or both. The output of tube 322 is appliedto the control grids of two output tubes 325 and 326 which operate as cathode followers and are employed to repeat positive pulses of short duration and appreciable amplitude to utilization circuits which will be described hereinafter.

The operation of the code element timing circuit shown in the upper portion of Fig. 3 may be further explained by reference to graphs 8I5, BIB and BIT of Fig. 8. In Fig. 8 the lines 8I9 represent the delayed synchronizing pulses from the synchronizing pulse generator which are applied to the control grid of tube 3I0. Graph 8 I 5 represents the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 3II due to the oscillating current flowing in the resonant circuit comprising condenser SII and inductance 3I2. The graph BIB -represents the square wave output from tubes 3M and 3I5. Graph l'l representsthe sharp positive pulses generated in the output circuits of tubes 325 and 326 which occur when the square wave changes in a positivedirection, that is, from a low positive value or a negative value to a higher positive value. The pulses which occur when the square wave 8 I E changes in the reverse direction have not been shown because they are suppressed as described above.

Exponential step waveV generator The lower portion of Fig. 3 discloses apparatus and circuit details of an arrangement for generating step wave forms having steps which are exponentially related one to another. The circuit shown in the lower portion of Fig. 3 is arranged to generate such a step wave form in -response to each of the delayed synchronizing pulses from a 'synchronizing pulse generator 421! after it is transmitted through the delay device or network 42! and tube 422.

Tube 355 is normally biased so that it conducts no current except during the application of a positive pulse from the synchronizing pulse generator to its control element. During the application of such a positive pulse to the control element of tube 355, condenser 355 connected in the cathode circuit of' tube 354 is discharged. That is, the upper terminal of this condenser has its potential reduced to a relatively low value lnear ground potential. The positive synchronizing pulse is also applied to the control grid of tube '350 which in turncauses condenser 35| -to be' likewise discharged, that is, the potential of the upper terminalof this condenser is redu'ced to a low value near ground potential.

Thereafter upon the termination of the posi- 2 151 tive synchronizing pulse, bothtubes 35|) and 356 cease to conduct current. Condenser 35| thereupon starts to, charge and its upper terminal becomes more positive.. The charging circuit comprises a high resistor 36| which controls the rate of charging of condenser 35|. As iswell understood by persons skilled in the art the charging of condenser 35| is in accordance with the exponential Wave form. The upper terminal of condenser 35| is coupled to the control grid of tube- 354. This tube, however, has a bias applied to its control grid such that this tube passes no current atthis time. Consequently, the upper terminal of 355 does not change its. potential. Curve G20 shows the potential of the upper terminal of; condenser 35|. The dotted curve 82| shows theV potential of the upper terminal of condenser 355. The portion 82| remains constar-it as is described above until a positive timing pulse from the cathode circuit of tube 325 is applied to the, control grid of tube 352. Tube 352 is normally non-conducting except during the time the positive pulses from the code element timingr circuit are applied to its control grid. During the application of a positive pulse to the control grid of tube 352, a high current flows inits anode-cathode circuit and. produces `a relatively high voltage drop across resistor 353 connected in series with the condenser 35|. This high potential is added to the potential across condenser 35|. Inasmuch as resistor 36| has a high resistance it does not materially interfere with or' prevent the upper terminal of condenser 35| from rising to a voltage which is substantially the sum of the voltage across condenser 351; and the voltage. across resistor 353. The magnitude of thel sum of these voltages is Suicient to cause the flow of current in the anode circuit ofv tube 354 which causes the upper l terminal of condenser 355 connected in the cathode circuitl of tube 354 to rise to substantially the sum of the voltages across resistor 353 and condenserA 35|. Upon the termination of the code elementv timing pulse applied to the control` grid of tube 352, this tube ceases to conduct current so thatthe` upper terminal of condenser 35| returns to its previous potential and tube 354 ceases to conduct current. Thereafter, the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 355 remains constant' at its new value illustrated by the dotted line 824', while the upper terminal of condenser 35| will resume charging along the exponential curve 820. It should be, noted that the code element timing pulses applied to the control grid of tube 352 are of sufliciently short duration that they do not materially change the charging rate of condenser 35|. While it is true that this condenser will not charge at the same rate, if at all, during the applications of these positive pulses to the control grid of tube 352', the time duration of these pulses is such that the charges of condenser 35| are exponentially related at the times the succeeding code element timing pulses are applied to the control grid of tube 352. As a result, upon the application of successive code element timingl pulses the condenser 355 is charged to successively higher potentials; which are exponentially related to the previous values. Thus a step wave form is generated across` condenser 355. This step wave form is repeated in, both the anode and cathode circuits of; tube 35:1` and employed to control the coding circuits. as will be described hereinafter. It shouldV be noted that the step wave form in the cathode circuit ofi tube 351 and. thus the 12 cathode circuit of tube 358 is exponentially increasing. in the manner described` above for the upper terminal4 of condenser 355, while the wave form in the anode circuit of tube 351 is expo-` nentially decreasing as shown in graph 830.

It is thus apparent that each of the code element timing pulses causes the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 355 to be abruptly increased and that the application of a synchroniaing pulse causes the potential across condenser 355 to be returned to a relatively low value. Consequently, the step wave form is generated in response `to the synchronizing pulses transmitted to the delay device or line 42|v and has a step for each of the code element timing pulses generated by the code element timing circuit shown in the upper portion of Fig. 3.

The manner in which the code element timing pulses and the step wave are employed in the exemplary system described herein will be describedin detail` hereinafter.

S ampliny v The speech currents or other complex waves from microphone or other source 4|0 are trans mitted through the terminal equipment 4| Iv to the control grid of tube 4.30 of the p-ulse modulator circuit, causing the potential of control grid of tube 113|)v to follow the speech orl other complex wave form. Tube 43|), however,` is biased b-y the negative voltage applied to the suppressor grid so that it will not normally conduct current. The suppressor grid is supplied with pulses from the synchronizing pulse generator 42|] after these pulses have been transmtted through the delay device or' line 42 During the application ofthe positive pulses from these devices ,after they have been amplified by tube 422 as described above, tube 43|? will pass current 'of a value controlled by the potential of the control grid and thus of a value which is a.V function of the amplitude of the speech or other complex Wave at the time each of the synchronizing pulses isi applied to the suppressor grid.

The output or anode of` tube 43B' is coupled through the coupling transformer 43| tothe control grid of tube 4.32 of the mixer'. Tube 4321s biased so that it.does not pass any current inV its anode-cathode circuit unless it receives apositive pulse through the transformer 43| from tube 433. As pointed out above, the magnitude of each of these pulses through transformer 43 is a function of the magnitude of the speech Wave at the time of each of the delayed synchronizing pulses. As pointed out above in the description of the step Wave generato-r', the output of tube 358 is. caused to return to its lowest stepinrespo-neeI to each of thesynchronizing pulses. Conseque-ntly, the current from the cathode. of tube 358 flowing thro-ugh resistor 43,4 in the cathode circuit of tubes 432 and 358 will be reduced to a minimum. Condenser 433 Will receive a charge such that the potential across this condenser is a function of the magnitude of the pulse received through transformer 43| and, thus a functionof the amplitude of the. speech Wave at the` timeY of the respective synchronizing pulses applied to the suppressorl grid of tube .430.

It will, of course,` bel understood by persons skilled inthe art that other grids of tubes 430 maybe employed for applying the various pulses thereto and still have the tube operate equally rsatisfactorily to cause the; incoming speech or other complex wavey to. be sampled and a cor- 13 responding charge or potential storedupon oondenser 433.

The above-described sampling and storing may be more readily understood from Fig. 8, in which graph 8I0 represents la typical incoming speech or other complex Wave` form. The instants of time represented by dfots 8l I` show typical times at which this wave form is sampled and the time designated 8I2 has been selected as the time at which the sample is obtained, for the purpose of illustrating the operation of the system. The time between this sample and the next one has been expanded between lines 8 I 9 representing two synchronizing pulses, in order that the operation of the various circuitsmay be more readily understood. Also, the graph 860 represents the potential at the upper terminal of condenser 433, section BEI representing the potential of the up'- per terminal of this condenser immediately after the synchronizing pulse in question has been received. This potential thus is a function of the amplitude of the complex wave at the time the particular synchronizing pulse is received from the synchronizing pulse generator 420.

Coding As illustrated by the portion 86| of graph 85D, the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 433 then remains constant until the step wave form advances to the next step illustrated by line 82'4 of Fig. 8. During the time the step wave form'is advancing in the manner described above, in response to the first of the code element timing pulses, both terminals of condenser 433 are caused to have their potential increase in a positive direction abruptly and in turn cause the potential of the control grid of tube 431 to also rise in a positive direction to a higher value. It Should be noted that the potential of the step Wave form appearing across resistor 434 is added to the potential or upper terminal of condenser 433 so that the sum of these potentials, as thus combined, is applied to the control grid of tube 431.

Tubes 43? and 438 operate in a manner somewhat similar to tubes 3I4 and 3I5 described above in that they cause la limiting or clipping action to take place in the same manner as described above. These tubes, however, are biased slightly differently because the grid of tube 438 is returned to a potential which is sulhciently positive that this tube normally conducts suiiilcient current to cause its cathode and the cathode of tube 431 to be appreciably above the control grid of tube 431, Thus tube 431 is biased to cut-oil, that is, so that substantially n-o current flows in its anode-cathode circuit.

If the grid potential of tube 431 rises above a predetermined value, such as illustrated by the dashed line 85B of Fig. 8, current will ow in the anode-cathode path of this tube and further increase the potential drop across the common cathode resistor 439, which in turn causes the current flowing thro-ugh tube 438 to be substantially cut off, thus causing the output of this tube to rise to a high positive value.

This change in potential is repeated through tubes 440, 44I, 442, and 5I@ so that the output of tube H! rises if the potential of the grid of tube 431 rises appreciably above the potential represented by line 85D, Fig. 8, and the amount of the rise is substantially constant and independent of how much the potential of the control element of tube 431 rises above the potential represented by line 850. Conversely, so long as the potential of the control grid of tube 431 remains less than Iii.)

the potential represented by line D, substantially the same low potential is maintained on the anode or output circuit of tube 5 I il, independently of how much less than the potential represented by line 853 the grid o tube 431 becomes.

The output of tube 5I!) is coupled by means of a coupling network comprising a condenser 5II and a resistor 5I2 to the grid of tube 5i3 of the differentiating amplier. The time constants of the condenser 5II and the resistor 5I? are such that they cause apotential to be applied to the grid of tube 5I3 only during changes in potential of the anode of tube 5Ill. In other words, they serve to differentiate any changes in potential of the anode of tube 5 I 0. Tube 53 is biased so that the change in anode potential of tube 5I0 from a high positive value to a relatively low positive value is suppressed, whereas changes in potential from a relatively low positive value to a higher value are amplied and repeated by tube 5I3. The output of tube 5I3 is coupled to the control grids of tubes 5 I 4 and 5 i 5, which operate as cathode followers and repeat the dierentiated posin tive pulses. Tube 5I3, in repeating the differentiated positive pulses, changes these pulses into negative pulses and tubes 5I4 and 515 repeat these pulses as negative pulses. Thus a negative pulse from the cathode of tube 5I4 is transmitted through the delay line or device 525 and applied to the control grids of tubes 530 and 443. Any suitable type of delay device or line may be employed for the device represented as a delay network 52B in Fig. 5, such as mentioned above with respect to the delay device or line 42 I.

Delay device 52!! is designed to have a delay interval of an appreciable fraction of a pulse interval, as, for example, a quarter, third, half, etc., of a pulse interval. As shown in the drawings, the delay interval is assumed to be approximately three-eighths of a pulse interval in length. The maximum length of this delay interval will depend upon numerous adjustments and factors or" the circuit which may be readily controlled, as is well understood by persons skilled in the art.

Tube 443 serves to amplify and repeat the neg ative pulses applied to its control grid as positive pulses in its output circuit. YThese pulses' are applied to the control grid of tube 435.

Tube 435 is normally biased so that it does not conduct current except during the time positive pulses are applied to its control grid from tube 443 as described above. Tube 435 has in addition applied to its screen an inverted step wave form, that is, a step wave form as shown by graph 835 of Fig. 8 which is derived from the anode of tube 351 as described above. Thus, the amount of current passed by tube 435 upon the application of the various pulses to its control grid will be controlled by the potential of the screen of tube 435 and thus by the step Wave form shown by graph 83B of Fig. 8.

Returning now to the sample stored on condenser 433 as described above and shown by line SSI of Fig. 8, it will be noted that upon the application of the iirst timing pulse to the step wave form and in response to the leading edge o the irst step of the Wave form, the potential of the grid of tube 431 as illustrated by. graph 843 rises above the bias or reference potential represented by line 850 of Fig. 8. As a result, a negative pulse 81! is transmitted through the delay device 52D as described above. After the delay interval of time determined by the delay device the positive pulse BBI is applied to the control grid of tube 435.. At this time the potential of the screen oi. thistube has a magnitude"represented`v by the lst step: B3 IY of the, inverted step Wave form described above, which is of such a value that suffi:- cient current iiows through the anode-cathode circuitl of tube 435 to discharge condenser 433 by anv amount equal to half of the total maximum charge that may be stored upon the condenser in response to the amplitude of the complex Wave at the: sampling instant of time. Thus, this. pulse which is transmitted over the system, as will be described hereinafter, represents half of the total possible magnitude of the sample. If no pulse is transmitted due to the fact that the potential of tube: 43"! failed. to rise above-the reference `potential', it would indicate that the sample was less thanahalf its maximum amplitude. Inhow-ever, the` sample is above half the total maximum pos'- sibleamplitudega pulse will be transmitted which pulse iny turn is fedback into tube 435 and causes the charge on condenser 433 to be reduced by the sameamount as represented by the pulse. When the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 433 is reduced the potential of the grid of' tube 431i`s likewise reduced and under the assumed conditions will be reduced below the reference potential represented by line 350. As a result the potential of the anode of tube 5B` is again restored tothis low ypotential value. This opera.- tion: is cleany illustrated by graphs'34t, 88), 8l@

and 88B of Fig'. 8. Thereafter the potentials of the system remain substantially asdescribed, until a second code element timing pulse is re ceived from the code element timing circuit and causes the step generator to generate the second step-of the step wave form. The leading edge oi this step causes the potential of the control grid of tube 431 to again rise. However, under the assumed` conditions it does not rise above the reference potential 850, as illustrated in Fig. 8,

-due to. the magnitude assumed for the sampling.

Consequently, no current pulse is transmitted through the delay device 520 at this time and as a result the charge onY the upper terminal of'con denser 433 is not changed.

Ata later interval of time the third code element` timing pulse is received from the code element timing circuit and causes the step wave form to be advanced to its third step. This step wave form as pointed out above isadded to the charge or potential across condenser 433. Under the assumed conditions as illustrated by graph 840 the combined voltage across resistor 434 and condenser 433 exceeds the reference Voltage 850. This is shown by a portion of graph designated 843 in Fig. 8. anode of tube 510 abruptly rises from a relatively low value to a relatively high value which causes a negative pulse 812 to flow in the output circuit of tube 513, which pulse is repeated by tube 5|4 and transmitted through the relay line or device 520. The delayed pulse after amplification is applied as a positive pulse 882 to the control grid of tube 435. The screen of tube 435 has a potential corresponding to the third step of the inverted step Wave form applied to it at this time. Consequently, sufficient current will flow through tube 435 to remove the amount of charge represented by the pulse transmitted in the third pulse interval, namely one-eighth of the total maximum possible charge which may be applied to condenser 433 under control of the incoming speech or other complex wave form. The combined potential across resistor 434 andcondenser 433 is therefore reduced' below the reference potential represented by line 850.,..and as a result tube 431 As a result the potential of the clnasesl totI conduct: current., andi causes time.l poten tial of the anode of tube 510 to fall toa relatively lowV positive value., The resulting negative pulse is to beapplied tolthefgridofy tube` 5 I3. However, due to the. bias supplied tothe. elements of tube 513i this'negative pulse is suppressed.V Thereafter, the-circuits remain in thecaboveedescribed condition until the f'ourthecode elementtiming'pulse is received; At this time the potential across refsistcr 434 due to thev third: step. of the step wave is equal tonne-sixteenth thetotal-.possible amplitude.. that; may; be applied to condenser 433'. The addition off this potential to the potential across condenser 433' again causesthe combined poterntiall to exceed the referencebias potential repre,- sented by linellto cause/another pulse. 8113 to be transmitted ras described abovefor the pulses- 81 I and 812V.. The-v corresponding delayed pulse-383 will causeithe chargeon condenser 433 toV again be reduced in. the sameN manner asV described above. However, at this time the charge will be reduced only by one-sixteenth ofl the totalpossible amountof charge of'condenser 433;. When the fifth code element timing pulse-isgenerated the potential of the step wave form again produces a voltage across resistor 434. The voltage at this time however is insufficient to causethe combined potential across resistor. 43.4 and condenser 433 to exceed the reference potentialv represented by line 850. As. a. result, the circuitsremain inthe condition shown until ano-ther sample, is obtained and the above cycle of operation completed.

It is thus apparent that the. outputof. tube 513 which is repeatedby tubes 51.4 andSIl'l comprises a code group ofV pulses representingthe magnitude of each of the samples. The4 pulses as repeated, in the output or cathode. circuit of tube 515,v are ot'A either of' two diierent signaling. conditions, on or` oi, for each of the different pulse intervalsof the code group. The. pulses. obtained at. this place in the system are similar, to. the pulses` ob.- tained in my above-identified copending application and are transmitted tothe distant station in the manner described in that application. The pulses obtained as described` above are obtained ina somewhat di'erent manner but represent. the signals in the same manner. These. pulses are capable of` being transmitted to the distant station as described in my above-identified cepending application. Also the coding arrangement described in my above-identified copending application can be substituted for the abovedescribed'. coding. arrangement in the system disclosed herein.V

WithV the specific. conditions assumed, for the above-detailed description, each sample is represented by a code combination of ve pulses. It is to be understood, however, that. the invention and system is not limited to a codeof` live pulses; any other suitable. or desirable` number. of pulses may be employed to represent each sample.

Translating to a time modulated' code Theoutput of the coder as sofar described like that of my above-identified, application, comprises for each` signal sample a codeY groupof `onof pulses. In such a system the two alternative signaling conditions-marking or spacingareY represented in each interval or' time division channel assigned to the respectivefcode elements by'oneof two pulsing conditions namely on,`the

presence of a pulse or "Orff the` absence of a pulse. In the system of the present invention both the marking and. spacing conditions are represented by the ,presence of.r` a pulse. but.V the: two condi tions are dii'erentiated by the time or position Within the code Velement intervals at which the pulse occurs. The circuit for converting the onofi' pulse into the time modulated pulse will next be described.

yIn the exemplary embodiment of the ir1ven tion described herein, code groups of pulses received from the cathode of tube 5 I5, which as described above comprises a pulse of one or another of the two dierent signaling conditions, Non or off,l in each' of five different pulse intervals occurring in succession are translated into a. group of ve pulses all on, each of which is assigned to respective intervals occurring in succession. However, the pulses may occupy any one of a plurality of positions within the interval. Thus, in the exemplary embodiment described herein where two signaling conditions are employed, the iinal pulses may occupy either one of two different time intervals or positions in the interval assigned to each of the pulses.

Alternatively, the system may be considered as sending two pulses in each pulse interval, one

ofthe pulses of the type described above as received from the cathode of tubes 5M and 5I5, which pulses are transmitted during the second portion of each pulse interval and a second compleinentary or opposite group of pulses which are transmitted during the first portion or" each of the vintervals assigned to each of the pulses of the code group.

The translating equipment comprises tubes 51d, 5H, 53S, 53| and 532. These tubes and related circuits operate to translate the pulses received from tube 5I5 into the time modulated pulses or to add to them their complementary pulses, depending upon the language employed to describe the improved system disclosed herein. Pulses from the cathode of tube 5l5 are applied tothe control grid oi tube 516. Positive code element timing pulses are applied to the control grid of tube 5i?. Pulses applied to the grids of tubes 5 i E and 5 I l should be applied substantially simultaneously. In order to accomplish this it may be necessary to slightly delay the positive code element timing pulses from the cathode of tube 325 so that they will arrive at the control grid of tube 5i? at substantially the same time as the negative code groups of pulses described above arrive at the control grid of tube 516. The pulses described above as applied to the grid of tube 5 I are negative, While those applied to the grid of tube i'l are positive. Consequently, if a negative pulse is applied to the grid of tube EIB at the same time a positive pulse is applied to the grid of tube 5I? these pulses may be made to cancel in the combined output circuit of tubes SI5 and 5H comprising resistor 5I9. If on the other hand, no negative pulse of a code group of pulses is applied to the grid of tube 5H] at the time the positive code element timing pulse is applied to the grid of tube 5I?, the (positive) code element timing pulse isrepeated as a negative pulse in the combined output circuitr of tubes 5I6 and Eiland is applied to the control grid of tube 532. Consider now the pulses generated in the manner described above in response to the assumed set of conditions which are illustrated by graph B1G in Fig. 3. When the first code element timing pulse is generated and applied to the control grid of tube 5I? as described above, a negative pulse is also applied to the control grid or" tube SiS. The positive code element timing pulse applied to the grid of tube Eiland the negative code pulse applied to the grid of tube 5I6 are of subi etvll isi stanti'ally the same magnitude so that they cancel each other and cause substantially no change in the potential of the control grid of tube 532.- Consequently, a pulse of no current,- that is, no change' of current, takes plac in the output circuit of tube 532 at this' time. However, as de scribed above a negative curent pulse is transmitted through the delay device or line 52d. This delayed pulse is applied to' the controll grid of tube 53D which ampliies and causes a positive. pulse 88| to be applied to the control grid of tube 531. The tubes 53| and 532 Will operate at. this time to repeat a positive pulse of current in the output circuit of tube 532, the positive' pulse' on the grid of tube 53| causing an increase invl ie current of the common cathode resistor 5323 and consequently a decrease in the current through tube 532. The output pulse from tube 532 is then limited and shaped by tubes 53d and 536, and then repeated through the output tube 53T to the radio equipment 538. Thus during the. rst pulse interval, that is, in response torthe': first code element timing pulse generated in the i code element timing circuit a pulse'of currentY 539i, see Fig. 8, is generated in the code translat-:- ing circuit. This pulse is in effect delayed in the translating circuit so that it is transmitted. a substantial fraction of the pulse interval later; In other Words, if the pulse generated by the coding circuit at this time under the assumed! conditions is called a marking pulse which is Aa' pulse oi current, the marking pulse is trans-- mitted as a delayed pulse, although still trans-I'- mitted during the rst pulse interval. The second pulse from the coding circuit under A the conditions assumed above Will be a spacing pulse, that is, the pulse of the opposite signaling' condition which in the exemplary system set-' forth herein is represented by a pulse of no current, and oi pulse. Consequently, the grid of v tube 516 is not made more negative at the timethe second code element timing pulse is applied to the control grid of tube 5H. negative pulse is applied to the control grid* of-V tube 532 at this time and this causes a positive-y pulse 892 to flow in its output circuit and to be relayed to the radio transmitter 538 and to be" transmitted from antenna 539. This pulse 892 isv transmitted at substantially the same time as the code element timing pulse is generated. InfV other words, the pulse is not materially delayed? Thus an undelayed pulse is equivalent to a spac-fv ing pulse While a pulse delayed an appreciable.A fraction of the pulse interval assigned to the pulse is a marking pulse. y the other pulses are transmitted over the radio4 system. f

It should be noted that if one considers tivo pulses transmitted during each of the pulse intervals, the second or delayed pulse has the same: signaling condition as the pulse from the coding? circuit, Whereas the undelayed pulses have the opposite signaling condition. Thus during the:4 interval assigned to each code element pulse a pulse of each character is, transmitted. Inasmuch as they are transmitted over the radio system the pulses of one character are represented l by high frequency radio current which causes the" tubes generating them to heat up and changej their frequency slightly. The fact that a. pulse i of this character is transmitted during each code@ interval tends to impose the same duty cycle upon the radio transmitter or at least greatly; reduce variations in the duty cycle, which in-turn reduces variations in the radio frequency actualni As a result `a- In a similar manner-'y acens-ie;

lsf-transmitted by the radiosystem. In addition, insuch an arrangement the energy transmitted during each code combination is substantially constant. Consequently the code combinations are 'less intelligible in an ordinary radio receiver which does not properly decode pulses. Furthermore, since substantially the same energy is transmitted during each pulse interval and thusl during each code group, the average current, voltage and energy of each code group are the same so that the code groups are all distorted substantially the same when transmitted through the usual transmission circuits and devices so that this distortion may be much more readily com.- pensated for than in former systems where the above quantities varied appreciably from code group to code group.

Transmission The coded. time-modulated pulses from tube 532 are shaped and amplified by tubes 534, 536 and 531 and then transmitted to the radio transmitter-538. These pulses are employed to modulate a high frequency radio transmitter in'such amanner that they cause spurts of high frequency radio current to be transmitted from antenna 53B in response to the application of the respective pulses to the radio transmitter 538.

While the drawing of the exemplary embodiment of this invention described herein in detail shows a radio system for conveying the pulses from one terminal to anotherl itis to be understood that any other suitable transmission paths or media may be employed to convey the pulses between the terminals. In general, this-transmission path may include communication lines, cables including coaxial cablesywave guides, and radio systems operating in any desired frequency range including the ultra-high frequency or microwave frequency range wherein the radio waves may be sharply directed and possess quasi-optical properties. One of the features of the systems of the type vdescribed herein is lthat the transmission medium including the transmitti-ng and receiving equipment may be non-linear and thus produce large distortions of both the amplitude and shape of the pulses, and may actually be very noisy without these deficiencies of the transmission medium and path materially altering or interfering with the quality of the transmission so long as presence or absence of pulses of current, that is spurts of high frequency electromagnetic wave energy may be accurately recognized. All that is necessary is that these waves be sufhciently strong to permit their presence or absence to be accurately recognized and determined at the receiving station. If the transmission path or medium is sufficiently good to permit such accurate determination of the pulses the distortions of the transmission medium together with thernoise encountered therein may be substantially all eliminated at the receiving terminal.

Receiving terminal Fig. 6 shows a receiving terminal wherein the high frequency Waves are received by antenna 6 I Il and amplified and .converted into pulses by the radio receiver 6I I. Positive pulses from the radio receiver 6| I are ampliiiedby the grounded grid` amplifier tube BIZ.

In addition to the pulse receiving equipment kat-the receiving station as shown in Fig. 6, itis necessary to provide a source of synchronizing pulses, as for example a synchronous pulse generator 65B, together.` with :an exponential wavev generator 'and vthe code vrelement `timing `pulse generator. A

The i synchronous. pulse generator: represented in Fig. 6 at 656 may comprise any suitable-type of synchronous pulse'generator capable v'cr-generatinga pulse for each-'received code'combination. `This synchronous pulseigenerator may-"be synchronized from the' signals or-'it may'` 'befsymy chronized with thesynchronouspulse generator at the'transmitting station describedabove by means-of a separate synchronizingrchannelasv grid amplifier tube'f5 I which amplifies 'thefsyn chronous` pulses` and 'appliesna' positivepul'seifto the' grid of eachl of the tubes 52-and`353in response toeach synchronous pulse'generate'dby the synchronous pulse generator 553. Whena positive pulse is applied to the control element of tube 652 current will iiow in the anode cathode circuit of this tube and charge the upper terminal of condenser 654 to a relatively high positive potential. After the termination ofthe synchronous pulse whichV is of short duration, condenser 654 will start to discharge through resistor 655. The discharge of a condenser through a resistance follows the well-knowny eX- ponential law in which the current and voltage vary exponentiallywith time as is well vunder-- stood by persons skilled in the art. The upper terminal of condenser 654 is coupled through the right section of tube 652 acting as a cathode l'.tollower and condenser SIB to the screen of the decoding tube BIB the action of which as will be described hereinafter.

Lines SIS of Fig. 9 represent the pulses from the synchronous pulse generator as applied tothe control elements of vtubes 5552 and 653. Graph 939 of Fig. 9 shows the wave form of the potential of the upper terminal condenser 654 which potential is applied to the screen of tube "6I8 through the coupling condenser EIS.

The application of positive synchronizing pulses to the control element of tube 653 causes the upper terminal of condenser 651 to be charged to a positive potential during theapplcation of each of the synchronizing pulses. At the termination of each of these pulses which pulses are of short duration, condenser 651 will start to discharge through inductance 656. As a result a damped oscillating current flows in the resonant circuit comprising inductance G56 and condenser E551. The wave form of this current is represented by graph 'Qi of Fig. 9. As inlthe case of the code element timing circuit'at the transmitting station the code element timing circuit at the receiving station is arranged to produce one complete cycle of oscillation, during each time interval assigned to a pulse in each of the code groups of pulses to be transmitted.

The upper terminal of condenser E51 is coupledr to the control grid of the left-hand section -of tube 658. Tube 658 operates as a limiting 'or clipping amplier similar to tubes 3| 4 and 3I5 as described above with the result that the output of the right-hand'section of tube 658vis substantially a square Wave form such as illustrated by graph 93B at Fig. 9.

The output of the right-hand section ofv tube B58 is coupled through a coupling network com-.- prising condenser-B62 `-andresistor 663 to the 21 'control element of the left-hand section of tube S59. Two sections of tube S59 are coupled together in tandem by means of similar coupling networks and the right-hand section of this tube in turn is coupled by a similar network to the control element of tube SSII. Any or all of these coupling networks is designed to have a time constant such that they will in elect diierentiate the square wave form applied thereto producing pulses of only very short duration. Due to the bias potential supplied to these tubes they are arranged to repeat only the pulses which occur when the square Wave changes from a relatively low potential value to a relatively high potential value. As a result the output of tube S60 comprises pulses of short duration and substantially constant wave shape. In response to each of the synchronizing pulses1 applied to the 'control element of tube S53, a code element timing pulse ows in the output circuit of tube S60 for each pulse `interval of each of the pulse code groups which are received and which represent the complex wave forms being transmitted over the system. These code element timing pulses occur in the rst portion of each pulse interval during which portion undelayed pulses are transmitted.

The output of tube S60 is coupled to the control element of the right-hand section of tube SI5, while the control element of the left-hand section of tube SI5 is coupled to the output of the amplifier tube 6&2. Thus the control elevment of the right-hand section of tube SI5 receives a positive pulse during the rst portion of each oi" the pulse intervals of each code group being transmitted over the system, while the control element of the left-hand section of tube SI5 receives a pulse in response to the received pulses which may beduri-ng either the `first or second portion of the code element interval. f Y

The pulses as applied to both of the control elements of tube SI5 are positive. The positive pulse applied to the control element of the lefthand section of tube SI5 tends to cause the current through this section to increase and the current through the right-hand section tok deacross the common cathode resistor SIS. The

positive pulse applied to the control element of the right-hand section of tube SI5 tends to cause thev current through this section to increase. By a suitable choice of the values of the various circuit elements and the relative magnitudes of the two positive pulses applied to the control elements of both sections of tube SI5, these pulses may be made to substantially cancel or neutralize each other in the output circuit of the righthand section of tube SI5.

Thus in accordance with the conditions `assumed above at the transmitting station, the rst pulse was marking and consequently trans- 'mitted over the system as a delayed pulse. As a result there will be no pulse on the grid of the left-hand section of tube SI5 when a code element timing pulse is applied to the righthand section of this tube from the code element timing generator. Consequently, the right-hand sectionV of tube SI5 will have a negative pulse repeated in its anode circuit due to the application of the code element timing pulse to its control element. This negative pulse is repeated and amplilied and shaped by the repeater tub SI1.

VvAt a fraction vof a pulse interval later, when and in turn applied to the control grid of the left-hand section of tube SI5 no positive pulse will be received from the code element timing generator. Consequently, a positive pulse will be repeated to the output circuit of tube S I5 through the coupling resistor SIS in the common cathode circuits of both sections of this tube. This pulse is then applied to' the control element of tube SI'I which tube repeats the pulse as a negative pulse in its output circuit.

Tube SIS, however, is biased so that it will not repeat the negative pulse applied to its control element from the output of the tube SI1.

Under the assumed conditions, the second pulse which is an undelayed pulse will be received from radio receiver SII substantially simultaneously with the application of a pulse from the code element timing circuit and as described above will produce substantially no output pulse in the anode circuit of the right-hand section of tube SI5. If these two pulses are not completely supressed by the two sections of tube SI5, the circuits may be arranged so that any small residual pulse will be positive in the output circuit of the right-hand section of tube SI5 and will therefore be suppressed by tube SIB as described above.

The next two pulses received from the radio receiver will be delayed pulses and consequently will not neutralize or cancel the pulses from the code element timing circuit. The delayed pulses from the radio receiver, however, will not be repeated by tube SIB as described above with reference to the first pulse. The fifth pulse will be received at the same time as the iifth code element timing pulse and consequently these two pulses tend to cancel or nullify each other.

It is thus apparent that a negative pulse is applied to control grid of tube Sil' for each pulse interval containing delayed signaling pulse but the reception of an undelayed pulse prevents the application of such a pulse to tube E I l. It will be recalled lthat the delayed pulses represent a marking condition or an on pulse, while the undelayed pulses represent an off pulse or spacing condition. Thus negative pulses applied to the grid of tube S I 1 correspond to pulses of current or potential repeated in the output circuits of tubes 5I4 and 5I5.

It'will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that the delayed group instead of the undelayed group of received pulses may be employed to control the receiving equipment in the same or similar vmanner to that described above. In this case the code element timing pulses will be delayed so that they would coincide with the received delayed pulses instead of with the received undelayed pulses.

The negative pulses applied to the grid of tube Sll as described above are changed into positive pulses in the output circuit of this tube and applied to the control grid of tube SI 8. As pointed out hereinbefore theY screen of tube SEB has applied to it the exponentially decreasing voltage for each code group of pulses received. As a resuit tube S I 8 causes the magnitude of each of the succeeding pulses of a codev group repeated by it to be decreased.

The operation of the translating and decoding circuits as described above are further illustrated by graphs 94S, 95|] and 960. The solid lines in graph 940 represent the ve pulses as received under the assumed set of conditions. In this case the first, third and fourth pulses are delayed fameuses T23 while the secondnand fth pulses are .undelayed IThe dottedlinesr for vthe rst, 'third and fourth .pulsesrepresent the positions of undelayed pulses if these. pulses had-been undelayed. 'Graphfllll shows the pulses as vapplied'to the Vcontrol ,gridtof tube `EIB. The solid lines represent the-pulses `of potential or current applied under the assumed conditions, while the dotted lines .indicate ithe position of the pulses offopposite character'in the'second and iifth positions. Graph :8510. illustrates the variation in magnitude of -the puLses owing in the output circuit of tube 658. As shown in graph 9.65 each of the succeeding lpulses from tube S18; is ofsmaller amplitude and Yin the specific embodiment described herein, eacho'f the pulses is vof half the, amplitude of the pulse of the preceding interval ,if that pulse is present. The

amplitude of the respectivey pulsesv .fis the same independently of the character or nature of vother pulses of any code group. The pulses of varying amplitude generated in the output circuit of tube 613 are transmitted through the low-passniter 62D which removes the high `frequency compo- -nents therefrom and as shown in graph 9TH! in effect reconstructs the complex wave vfrom thesez pulses. The low-pass lter 620 should be designed to `have a out-ofi somewhat above the highest frequency to be transmitted over the 'SYStem- The output of thelow-pass filter 62B is then amplified by both sections Yof tube 52|Y and repeated `to the terminal equipment of E23. /Terminal equipment -623 vis employed. to provide va .communication path to the receiving instrument B24 which is capable of receiving and responding rto complex waves of ther type: generated by .the

source 453. associated with the transmitting terminal. .As shown Lin the drawing, the .receiving instrument comprises a telephone vreceiver or loudspeaker. The terminal equipment 52,3 corresponds to the terminal equipment 5|` shown in Fig. 1 andV may comprise any of thev equipments mentioned with reference to equipment 5I.

Monitoring equipment They lower portion of Fig. 4 shows a typical `form of monitoring equipment which 4operates similar to the decoding equipment described in my above-identied copending application. Each synchronizing 4pulse-causes the upper termina! of condenser v2.61 to be charged to a high positive potential. applied to the control grid of tube 465. The screen of tube Si has the step wave form similar to curve 830 applied to its screen. As a result each of the pulses applied to rthe control ele- Ament of tube 146i cause a portion of the charge upon the vupper terminaly off condenser et] to be removed therefrom. The portion removed Ais determined by thescreen potentialz of Ytube 45| so that after veach code combination is received the upper terminal of condenser 46.1 will have apotential whichis :a 'functionof the magnitude of the sample represented 'by the particular code combination. Tube Y4.52 operates as a cathode follower tube and repeats. the .potential of the upperterminal of condenser 461 to the screen of tube 453. Tube ithas applied to its control grid an undelayed synchronizing pulse. 'This pulse will consequently be received just before condenser 465i. is recharged. The application of the synchronizing pulse to. the control grid of :tube 463 will thereupon cause a Ycurrent to flow .inthe output circuit fof tube v463 having a magnitudefcontrolledfbysthe potential ofethe upper terl- Each of the code Apulses are .124 minal ofV :condenser 461 after a complete,.code combination has been received. Consequently, the amplitude fof the .pulse lflowing in the output V.circuit of 'tube i463 at this time .will be a'function .of the amplitude of the sample whichcodefcombination `it represents. These pulses of `varying amplitude from -tubex453 are then :transmitted through the, low-.pass nlter Y464 which irreconstructs` the complex-wave after which it is 1amplilied by tubesk 465and 466 which repeat vthererconstructed wave to the receiving device. 4,69 which is; capable of responding to complex waves generated 'by sourcefl. Thus the attendantsxat the -transmitting'station vare `able' to checkfthe operation of coding equipment.

Persons skilled in ythe art-will vunderstand that `the type ofg decoding arrangements atthe;re

ceiving terminal and for monitoring purposes at the' .transmitting terminal'may be interchanged or .they maybe both of thesame type. `Alsomonitoring equipment of either type mayxalso be Lem 4ployed at the :receiving terminal.

Whatis claimed-lis:

1. Apparatus for decoding code-groupsof-time modulated pulses. representing a complex LWaite form comprising azsource off locally vgenerated pulses including a pulse for each pulsefainterval for each of the code groups ofV .time..xnodulated pulses, :apparatus `responsive to those. received time modulated pulses which coincide in time with said localiy generated pulses for suppressing saidzlocally ygenerated pulses, .and ,apparatusfrevsponsive to unsuppressed. locally generated pulses for reconstructing said complex wave form.

v2. Apparatus for decoding code groups of time modulated pulses representing a complex wave `form comprising a source of locally generated pulses including a pulse for each pulse-interval for .each :of thexcode groups of time .modulated pulses, apparatus responsive to those received time modulated pulses which coincide intime Awith said locally generated pulses-for suppressing said :locally generated pulses, apparatus responsive to unsuppressed llocally generated pulsesfor reconstructing .said .complex wave form and'fapparatus for suppressing .the received pulsesuof eachfcode. group which do not coincide with said locallyxgenerated pulses.

'3. In a communication system for transmit- .ting a message wave, means for periodical-ly samplingfthe message wave, Lmeans for vproducir-rg a. code representative of each lsample group of elements .of a rst permutation code, the elements of'which comprise successive pulse intervals. and are r distinguished only by the absence or presence of pulses, means for producing-an array. of, code element 'timing pulses one voccur-- ring at the time at Iwhich a pulse may occur in each of said intervals of the first permutation code, a comparator responsive to said array of code element timing pulses and to said Vcode groups; for transmitting one -pulse of said array of pulses whenever suchA pulse occurs in theabsence of a pulse in oneof said pulse code groups and for preventing the transmission of a pulse of said array upon -the simultaneous occurrence of a pulse insaid array and a pulse in one :of said code groups, a delay device having said pulse code groups supplied thereto,v andmeans for combiningthe output of said comparator and the output of said delay device.

4. In a communication system for transmitting a message wave, means for periodically sampling the message wave, means for representving-'theeamplitudeofeach sampled-"the message 25 Wave by a respective code group of pulses of a rst permutation code, the code elements of which comprise successive pulse intervals and are distinguished by the absence or presence of pulses, means for producing a train of pulses one occurring at the time at which a lpulse may occur in each pulse interval of the code group of said rst permutation code, a comparator responsive to both said train of pulses and said code group of pulses for reproducing in its output a pulse of said train of pulses in the absence of a pulse at the corresponding time in said code group of pulses and for producing no output upon the coincident of a pulse from said train and from said code group of pulses, a delay device having a delay less than the length of said pulse intervals and having an input connected to receive said code groups of pulses, and means to combine the output of said comparator and said delay device to produce for each of said code groups of pulses a code group of pulses of a second permutation code having code element intervals corresponding to the intervals of the rst code, but each containing a pulse and being distinguished by the time of -occurrence o-f the pulse within the interval.

5. In a communication system for transmitting a message Wave, means for periodically sampling the message wave, means for producing a permutation code group of elements indicative of the amplitude of each sample of the message Wave, the code groups each comprising a pulse channel for each code element and diiering from each other by the absence or presence of a pulse in respective pulse channels, means for producing a timing pulse in each pulse channel, and means for comparing the code elements with the timing pulses in the respective channels to produce a new code group having the same number of pulse channels each containing a lpulse but differing in the time of occurrence of the pulse within the pulse channel.

6. In a communication system for transmitting a message Wave, means for periodically sampling the message wave, means for producing a permutation code group of elements indicative of the amplitude of each sample of the message wave, the code groups each comprising a pulse channel for each code element and diierng from each other by the absence or presence of a pulse in respective pulse channels, a source of timing pulses one for each pulse channel, a comparator responsive to both the code element pulses and the timing pulses and operating in accordance with the coincidence and the lack of coincidence of such pulses for producing a pulse under o-ne of such conditions and at one time position in the respective pulse channel, and means for producing a pulse in another time position in the respective pulse channel in the absence of a pulse output from said comparator.

7. In a communication system for transmitting a message wave, means for periodically sampling the message Wave, means for producing a code group of elements of a first permutation code representative of each sample, the elements of such code groups comprising successive pulse intervals and being distinguished only by the absence or presence of pulses, means for producing an array of code element timing pulses one occurring at the time at which a pulse may occur in each of said intervals Vof the rst permutation code, a comparator responsive to said array of code element timing pulses and to said code groups and operating as a result of the conditions of coincidence and lack of coincidence of such pulses for producing a pulse under one of such conditions and at one time Iposition in the respective pulse interval, means for delaying one of the pulse inputs to said comparator by a time equal to a fraction ofy the pulse interval, and

means for combining the output of said comparator and the output of said means for delayingv WILLIAM M. GOODALL.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the le of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Germany July 5, 1937 

